An interview is not considered recoverable data, so no reference to this is provided in the reference list. You may, however, cite the interview within the text as a personal communication.

A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI Foundation) to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet.

APA's Publication Manual, 6th Edition, provides complete style guidelines and should be consulted first in all matters concerning APA Style, but these FAQs will help clarify frequent areas of confusion.

This tutorial provides an overview of key changes in the Sixth Edition of the Publication Manual, beginning with three overarching goals that guided the revision and ending with a detailed chapter by chapter list of new and expanded content.

This tutorial is designed for those who have no previous knowledge of APA Style.

This online course is designed to give students, researchers, and instructors who are familiar with past editions of the Publication Manual an in-depth understanding of changes in the Sixth Edition. The overarching goals that guided the revision are noted along with all chapter-level changes.

Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source.

To maximize clarity, APA prefers that authors use abbreviations sparingly. Although abbreviations are sometimes useful for long, technical terms in scientific writing, communication is usually garbled rather than clarified if, for example, an abbreviation is unfamiliar to the reader.

APA Style originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists, and business managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension.