In general, a reference should contain the author name, date of publication, title of the work, and publication data.

Example: (The results for the control group [n = 8] are also presented in Figure 2

APA's Publication Manual, 6th Edition, provides complete style guidelines and should be consulted first in all matters concerning APA Style, but these FAQs will help clarify frequent areas of confusion.

Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title or abbreviated title.: ("New Child Vaccine," 2001). Note: Use the full title of the web page if it is short for the parenthetical citation.

Information about using the <em>2007 APA Style Guide to Electronic References</em>.

Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source.

How do you avoid redundancy? Writers often become redundant in an effort to be emphatic. Use no more words than are necessary to convey your meaning. In these examples, the words in bold are redundant and should be omitted. They were both alike a total of 68 participants instructions, which were

In text, use a few words of the title, or the whole title if it is short, in place of an author name in the citation: (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2005).

E-mail communications from individuals should be cited as personal communications. Because they do not provide recoverable data, personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in text only.